[[OIcel morphology]] # OIcel pronouns Olcel pronouns and demonstratives reflected person, gender, and [[OIcel number]]. The inflection mirrors that of the [[OIcel definite article]] and [[OIcel declension of adjectives]]. ## Pronoun declension ### Personal pronouns OIcel retained dual forms for the first and second person. | | 1. | 2. | 3.masc | 3.fem | 3.neut | 3.refl | | ------ | ---------------------------- | ----------------------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------ | ------------------------- | | sg.nom | <em class="ling">ek</em> | <em class="ling">þú</em> | <em class="ling">hann</em> | <em class="ling">hon</em> | <em class="ling">þat</em> | - | | sg.gen | <em class="ling">mín</em> | <em class="ling">þín</em> | <em class="ling">hannar</em> | <em class="ling">hennar</em> | <em class="ling">þess</em> | <em class="ling">sín</em> | | sg.dat | <em class="ling">mér</em> | <em class="ling">þér</em> | <em class="ling">honum</em> | <em class="ling">henni</em> | <em class="ling">því</em> | <em class="ling">sér</em> | | sg.acc | <em class="ling">mik</em> | <em class="ling">þik</em> | <em class="ling">hann</em> | <em class="ling">hana</em> | <em class="ling">þat</em> | <em class="ling">sik</em> | | du.nom | <em class="ling">vit</em> | <em class="ling">(þ)it</em> | - | - | - | - | | du.gen | <em class="ling">okkar</em> | <em class="ling">ykkar</em> | - | - | - | - | | du.dat | <em class="ling">ok(k)r</em> | <em class="ling">yk(k)r</em> | - | - | - | - | | du.acc | <em class="ling">ok(k)r</em> | <em class="ling">yk(k)r</em> | - | - | - | - | | pl.nom | <em class="ling">vér</em> | <em class="ling">(þ)ér</em> | <em class="ling">þeir</em> | <em class="ling">þær</em> | <em class="ling">þau</em> | - | | pl.gen | <em class="ling">vár</em> | <em class="ling">ið(v)ar</em> | <em class="ling">þeir(r)a</em> | <em class="ling">þeir(r)a</em> | <em class="ling">þeir(r)a</em> | <em class="ling">sín</em> | | pl.dat | <em class="ling">oss</em> | <em class="ling">yðr</em> | <em class="ling">þeim</em> | <em class="ling">þeim</em> | <em class="ling">þeim</em> | <em class="ling">sér</em> | | pl.acc | <em class="ling">oss</em> | <em class="ling">yðr</em> | <em class="ling">þá</em> | <em class="ling">þær</em> | <em class="ling">þau</em> | <em class="ling">sik</em> | Some personal pronouns also have enclitic forms, e.g. - <em class="ling">hafða ek</em> → <em class="ling">hafðak</em> - <em class="ling">em ek</em> → <em class="ling">emk</em> - <em class="ling">fór þú</em> → <em class="ling">fórtu</em> - <em class="ling">kenn þú!</em> → <em class="ling">kenndu!</em> - <em class="ling">far þú!</em> → <em class="ling">farðu!</em> ## Pronominal demonstratives The demonstative pronoun <em class="ling">sá</em> declines as follows | №.case | masc. | fem. | neut. | | ------ | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------- | ----------------------------- | | sg.nom | <em class="ling">sá</em> | <em class="ling">sú</em> | <em class="ling">þat</em> | | sg.gen | <em class="ling">þess</em> | <em class="ling">þeir(r)ar</em> | <em class="ling">þess</em> | | sg.dat | <em class="ling">þeim</em> | <em class="ling">þeir(r)i</em> | <em class="ling">því</em> | | sg.acc | <em class="ling">þann</em> | <em class="ling">þá</em> | <em class="ling">þat</em> | | pl.nom | <em class="ling">þeir</em> | <em class="ling">þær</em> | <em class="ling">þau</em> | | pl.gen | <em class="ling">þeir(r)a</em> | <em class="ling">þeir(r)</em> | <em class="ling">þeir(r)</em> | | pl.dat | <em class="ling">þeim</em> | <em class="ling">þeim</em> | <em class="ling">þeim</em> | | pl.acc | <em class="ling">þá</em> | <em class="ling">þær</em> | <em class="ling">þau</em> | The deictic demonstrative <em class="ling">þessi</em> declines as follows | №.case | masc. | fem. | neut. | | ------ | ---------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------- | | sg.nom | <em class="ling">sjá</em>, <em class="ling">þessi</em> | <em class="ling">sjá</em>, <em class="ling">þessi</em> | <em class="ling">þetta</em> | | sg.gen | <em class="ling">þessa</em> | <em class="ling">þessar</em>, <em class="ling">þessarar</em> | <em class="ling">þessa</em>, <em class="ling">þvísa</em> | | sg.dat | <em class="ling">þessum</em> | <em class="ling">þessi</em>, <em class="ling">þessari</em> | <em class="ling">þessu</em> | | sg.acc | <em class="ling">þenna</em> | <em class="ling">þessa</em> | <em class="ling">þetta</em> | | pl.nom | <em class="ling">þessir</em> | <em class="ling">þessar</em> | <em class="ling">þessi</em> | | pl.gen | <em class="ling">þessa</em>, <em class="ling">þessara</em> | <em class="ling">þessa</em>, <em class="ling">þessara</em> | <em class="ling">þessum</em>, <em class="ling">þeima</em> | | pl.acc | <em class="ling">þessa</em> | <em class="ling">þessar</em> | <em class="ling">þessi</em> | ### Old interrogatives Pronouns derived from old interrogative pronouns such as <em class="ling">hvat</em> (what), <em class="ling">hvatki</em> (whatever), <em class="ling">hvatvetna</em> (whatever), and <em class="ling">vættki</em> (nothing) have only neuter forms and decline as follows | nom. | <em class="ling">hvat</em> | <em class="ling">hvatki</em> | <em class="ling">hvatvetna</em> | <em class="ling">vættki</em> | | ---- | --------------------------- | ------------------------------ | -------------------------------- | ----------------------------- | | gen. | <em class="ling">hvess</em> | <em class="ling">hvesskis</em> | <em class="ling">hversvetna</em> | <em class="ling">vættugi</em> | | dat. | <em class="ling">hví</em> | <em class="ling">hvígi</em> | <em class="ling">hvívetna</em> | <em class="ling">vættugi</em> | | akk. | <em class="ling">hvat</em> | <em class="ling">hvatki</em> | <em class="ling">hvatvetna</em> | <em class="ling">vættki</em> | ## Adjectival declension ### Possessive pronouns The possessive pronouns follow more or less [[OIcel declension of adjectives#Strong]]. - The stems <em class="ling">mín</em> (my), <em class="ling">þín</em> (thy), and <em class="ling">sín</em> (its) shorten their vowels before geminates and otherwise decline as <em class="ling">heiðinn</em>. - The stem <em class="ling">vár</em> (our) declines as <em class="ling">spakr</em> but with <em class="ling">-n</em> in masc.acc.sg. - The stems <em class="ling">yðvarr</em> (your), <em class="ling">okkar</em> (we two's), <em class="ling">ykkar</em> (you two's) decline as <em class="ling">gamall</em>, again with <em class="ling">-n</em> in masc.acc.sg. ## Adjectival demonstratives - <em class="ling">hin-</em> (yon), <em class="ling">in-</em> and <em class="ling">en-</em> follow the inflection of <em class="ling">heiðinn</em> without stem vowel deletion. ## Miscellaneous - <em class="ling">ein-</em> follows the inflection of <em class="ling">heiðinn</em> - <em class="ling">annar-</em> follows the inflection of <em class="ling">gamall</em> with `n -> ð / _r` - <em class="ling">nǫkkur-</em> follows the inflection of <em class="ling">spakr</em> with <em class="ling">-n</em> in masc.acc.sg and `rt -> t`. | №.case | masc. | fem. | neut. | | ------ | ---------------------------- | ---------------------------- | ----------------------------- | | sg.nom | <em class="ling">engi</em> | <em class="ling">engi</em> | <em class="ling">ekki</em> | | sg.gen | <em class="ling">enskis</em> | <em class="ling">engrar</em> | <em class="ling">enskmis</em> | | sg.dat | <em class="ling">engum</em> | <em class="ling">engri</em> | <em class="ling">engu</em> | | sg.acc | <em class="ling">engan</em> | <em class="ling">enga</em> | <em class="ling">ekki</em> | | pl.nom | <em class="ling">engir</em> | <em class="ling">engar</em> | <em class="ling">engi</em> | | pl.gen | <em class="ling">engum</em> | <em class="ling">engum</em> | <em class="ling">engum</em> | | pl.acc | <em class="ling">enga</em> | <em class="ling">engar</em> | <em class="ling">engi</em> | ## Flashcards - sg. - <em class="ling">ek</em> ::: I <!--SR:!2024-08-15,196,322!2024-04-25,110,306--> - <em class="ling">þú</em> ::: thou <!--SR:!2024-05-12,97,266!2024-05-01,101,282--> - <em class="ling">hann</em> ::: he <!--SR:!2024-05-10,119,298!2024-04-08,79,250--> - <em class="ling">hon</em> ::: she <!--SR:!2024-03-15,14,138!2024-06-09,103,230--> - <em class="ling">þat</em> ::: it <!--SR:!2024-04-11,96,286!2024-04-19,81,242--> - <em class="ling">til mín</em> ::: to me <!--SR:!2024-04-30,114,306!2024-06-01,114,262--> - <em class="ling">til þín</em> ::: to thee <!--SR:!2024-07-28,147,250!2024-04-20,78,262--> - <em class="ling">til hannar</em> ::: to him <!--SR:!2024-07-29,153,266!2024-09-29,2,142--> - <em class="ling">til hennar</em> ::: to her <!--SR:!2024-09-07,180,270!2024-05-13,90,222--> - <em class="ling">til þess</em> ::: to it <!--SR:!2024-07-01,112,246!2024-06-23,117,262--> - <em class="ling">með mér</em> ::: with me <!--SR:!2024-07-26,166,310!2024-07-11,156,302--> - <em class="ling">með þér</em> ::: with thee <!--SR:!2024-03-13,60,242!2024-03-23,53,206--> - <em class="ling">með honum</em> ::: with him <!--SR:!2024-04-23,89,258!2024-03-14,38,186--> - <em class="ling">með henni</em> ::: with her <!--SR:!2024-07-24,145,258!2024-03-25,14,130--> - <em class="ling">með því</em> ::: with it <!--SR:!2024-03-20,57,206!2024-03-18,47,178--> - <em class="ling">um mik</em> ::: about me <!--SR:!2024-06-25,144,302!2024-06-04,131,306--> - <em class="ling">um þik</em> ::: about thee <!--SR:!2024-05-22,85,262!2024-03-18,72,270--> - <em class="ling">um hann</em> ::: about him <!--SR:!2024-03-26,77,278!2024-04-11,66,210--> - <em class="ling">um hana</em> (pronoun) ::: about her <!--SR:!2024-03-20,45,218!2024-03-12,35,170--> - <em class="ling">um þat</em> ::: about it <!--SR:!2024-11-04,38,190!2024-03-04,6,162--> - du. - <em class="ling">vit</em> ::: we two <!--SR:!2024-04-17,100,298!2024-03-23,25,186--> - <em class="ling">(þ)it</em> ::: you two <!--SR:!2024-06-17,111,238!2024-04-08,38,206--> - <em class="ling">til okkar</em> ::: to us two <!--SR:!2024-05-11,97,246!2024-04-02,57,222--> - <em class="ling">til ykkar</em> ::: to ye two <!--SR:!2024-06-21,128,258!2024-04-12,42,186--> - <em class="ling">með ok(k)r</em> ::: with us two <!--SR:!2024-03-12,65,262!2024-11-28,62,270--> - <em class="ling">með yk(k)r</em> ::: with ye two <!--SR:!2024-03-17,70,262!2024-04-28,87,238--> - <em class="ling">um ok(k)r</em> ::: about us two <!--SR:!2024-03-27,68,238!2024-05-10,73,206--> - <em class="ling">um yk(k)r</em> ::: about ye two <!--SR:!2024-08-14,156,258!2024-03-13,45,210--> - pl. - <em class="ling">vér</em> ::: we <!--SR:!2024-06-13,119,250!2024-04-22,104,298--> - <em class="ling">(þ)ér</em> ::: you <!--SR:!2024-03-19,59,238!2024-03-26,23,150--> - <em class="ling">þeir</em> ::: they men <!--SR:!2024-05-04,64,202!2024-07-05,129,250--> - <em class="ling">þær</em> ::: they women <!--SR:!2024-08-25,167,266!2024-03-16,62,242--> - <em class="ling">þau</em> ::: they things <!--SR:!2024-04-01,29,258!2024-04-04,69,226--> - <em class="ling">til vár</em> ::: to us <!--SR:!2025-09-28,366,298!2024-03-15,4,130--> - <em class="ling">til iþ(v)ar</em> ::: to ye <!--SR:!2024-03-14,29,198!2024-10-13,16,150--> - <em class="ling">til þeir(r)a</em> ::: to them <!--SR:!2024-04-20,73,218!2024-04-11,41,166--> - <em class="ling">með oss</em> ::: with us <!--SR:!2024-07-31,170,310!2025-01-18,113,242--> - <em class="ling">með yþr</em> ::: with ye <!--SR:!2024-03-12,27,218!2024-03-22,11,150--> - <em class="ling">með þeim</em> ::: with them <!--SR:!2024-11-29,63,230!2024-04-16,79,242--> - <em class="ling">um oss</em> ::: about us <!--SR:!2024-05-12,109,282!2024-09-24,210,310--> - <em class="ling">um yþr</em> ::: about ye <!--SR:!2024-05-12,91,218!2024-04-09,42,170--> - <em class="ling">um þá</em> ::: about them men <!--SR:!2024-03-15,4,130!2024-03-17,49,198--> - <em class="ling">um þær</em> ::: about them women <!--SR:!2024-05-30,126,302!2024-05-11,69,226--> - <em class="ling">um þau</em> ::: about them things <!--SR:!2024-04-11,79,242!2024-07-18,137,246--> # --- #state/develop | #lang/en | #SemBr | #oldcards/OIcel/pronouns